There has to be a system of working out our problems.          We have many problems, and, in this period of history, I would like to suggest the “economics” sorts of solutions, since solutions linked to economics are the more germane ones, in my opinion.

And in this effort to address social problems in an economics context I would like to offer some new views of capitalism itself. Capitalism proceeds from ethnicity. Ethnicity presents obstacles, and capitalism progresses only slowly, as the various “groups” (the term “ethnicity” may be substituted sometimes) groups attain greater rights of participation. The unusual thing that happened in Germany under National Socialism was the act of working backwards, and taking away participation rights that had been in use, by the Jewish persons. This seems not to have harmed the German economy at all, but at any rate usually the process goes the other direction: ethnicities at first fail to participate and slowly gain more economic rights. This is still a very big issue, in countries like Turkey.

Capitalism is progressive, and changes over generations, from earliest capitalisms to more recent versions of capitalism. For a while, ethnic groups – or gender groups – have trouble getting into the market. Over the decades, however, more and more persons in the central countries, like Germany, the U. S., or France are able to hold decent jobs.

So, a great part of economics is the decisions about how to include more persons, and only rarely does the trend go in the opposite direction. This of course, is why the current problem of distributive justice (“inequality") is so important and significant. It means there is a problem, it is social, and needs to be addressed.